1 Required libraries

library(here)
library(tidyverse)
library(kableExtra)
library(DT)
library(stringr)
library(grid)
library(gridExtra)

library(ggforce) # for parallel sets diagram
library(gghighlight)

# just in case
set.seed(nchar("IDEAIS - scoping review paper"))

2 Data

FALSE Using ',' as decimal and '.' as grouping mark. Use read_delim() for more control.

3 Analysis

The following tables and figures are the results of the analysis of the characteristics of the virtual assistants.

3.1 Figure 4. Interaction between categorical variables (group, application domain and geospatial use) of virtual assistants

FALSE Saving 14 x 14 in image

3.2 Useful information/stats

Tables below show the numbers and percentages used in Section 3 of the paper. They are not shown as tables per se but as pieces of information intertwined in the narrative.

Temporal distribution of virtual assistants according to their development status (av_status)

Development stage of virtual assisstants N %
Design 2 5%
Requirements and design 4 11%
Implementation 5 14%
Prototype 26 70%
What AVs do they reach the status of operational implementation?
AVs that reach operational implementation
id av_name
001 SpaceBook
040 Paval
044 NA
049 Loki
053 TreasureHuntBot

What are the most used platforms?

Types of platforms
av_platform n
NA 19
Robot 3
Cortana 2
Telegram 2
Agent 1
Alexa 1
Ambro 1
Atrv-jr mobile robot 1
Google assistant 1
Kinect 1
Kiosk 1
Line 1
Microsoft hololens 1
Satnav 1
Teamtalk 1

Out of 37 papers, the implementated platform is mentioned in 14 studies, which is about 38%.

How many virtual assisstants are named?

Named virtual assisstants
id av_name year av_app_norm av_application
001 SpaceBook 2018 Tourism Turismo
011 CitiCafe 2018 Recommendation Citizen support for the solution of civic problems in the city
015 MIRob 2018 Healthcare Assistance robot for the elderly and disabled
016 PeopleBot 2019 Healthcare Assistance robot for the elderly and disabled
035 CAGA 2013 Education Conversational interface for the use and access of geospatial functions
040 Paval 2019 Tourism Pois recommendation
045 TITERIA 2017 Tourism; Cultural heritage Smart tourist information points with travel information organized in ontologies
047 Trip 4 All 2015 Tourism Tourism
049 Loki 2019 Recommendation Chatbot with location recognition
053 TreasureHuntBot 2018 Education; Entertainment Chatbot for multiplayer game
056 SatNav 2019 Navigation Driver workload and environmental engagement associated with ‘active’ and ‘passive’ navigation systems.
101 Diana 2019 Disaster management Disaster management (floods)

Number of named virtual assisstants 32% (12/37)

3.3 Figure 5. Temporal distribution of virtual assistants according to their technical approach (av_arch) and development status (av_status)

FALSE Saving 12 x 8 in image

3.4 Table 2. Summary of the virtual assisstants

G App domain Geo goal Ref - Year App desc Geo desc Research areas
1 Disaster management Mapping [101] 2019 Disaster management (floods) Georeferenced maps with layers of relevant information Fuzzy search algorithms, Knowledge graphs
Education Spatial operators by concepts [035] 2013 Conversational interface for the use and access of geospatial functions Spatial data analysis Conversational agent
Mapping [010] 2018 Education (in communicative competencies) in construction environments Space-time Immersion in a BIM environment Bim environments, Conversational agent, Game engines
Healthcare Positioning [058] 2016 Health Monitoring of health parameters in patients through their location Cloud, Iot
(Object) positioning [015] 2018 Assistance robot for the elderly and disabled Identifying spatial relationships between objects within an environment Assistive robotics, Human-robot interaction, Speech recognition, Uncertain term interpretation
Navigation [027] 2018 Outside navigation for blind pedestrians Outdoor navigation Conversational agent
(Object) positioning [016] 2019 Assistance robot for the elderly and disabled Search for objects based on the recognition of their characteristics within an indoor environment Assistive robotics, Human-robot interaction, Speech recognition, Uncertain term interpretation
Recommendation Positioning [037] 2010 Customization of services depending on the position and user data (e.g., check-in at an airport) Indoor positioning and navigation Conversational agent, Multi-agent system
Positioning [044] 2017 Information consultation and recovery Treatment of queries with location information of POIs (bussines) Artificial intelligence
Mapping [011] 2018 Citizen support for the solution of civic problems in the city Presentation of relevant information and registration of complaints in specific locations Continuous learning, Conversational agent, Crowd sourcing, Intent classifier, Natural language processing, Proactive interaction
Positioning [038] 2019 Get local information from conversational agents embedded in a local neighborhood, complemented with navigation Outdoor positioning Conversational agent, Multi-agent system
Positioning [007] 2019 Restaurant recommendation Outdoor positioning Recommender systems, Similarity algorithms
Proximity [008] 2019 Information search system in digital libraries Localization of digital resources in digital libraries through geospatial queries Knowledge graphs, Linked open data, Natural language processing
Summarisation [020] 2019 Weather narration for blind people Data access to meteorological data Natural language processing
Place recognition [049] 2019 Chatbot with location recognition Chat panel with a map viewer for access to geospatial information Government open data, Knowledge graph, Linked data, Location-aware chatbots, Semantic enrichment
Tourism Question answering [018] 2012 Tourism Navigation based on questions-answers Speech recognition, Text-to-speech responses
Mapping [047] 2015 Tourism Multimedia and personalized experience about places visited Gamification, Natural language processing
(Object) positioning [024] 2018 Guided tours Identification of the object that the user looks at; 3D reconstruction of heritage buildings; data access Semantic annotation, Speech recognition
Navigation [001] 2018 Turismo Visibility of places of interest from the point of view of the tourist (pedestrian); route guide; outdoor navigation Speech recognition, Text-to-speech responses
(Object) positioning [021] 2019 Guided tours Identification of the object that the user looks at Conversational agent, Mixed reality, Speech recognition
Positioning [040] 2019 Pois recommendation Estimation of the need for information and possible geographical references expressed by users Artificial intelligence, Knowledge graphs, Natural language processing, Ontologies, Semantic queries
Positioning [012] 2019 Outdoor navigation for touristic guides Outdoor navigation, route planning and place guides Artificial intelligence, Natural language processing
Tourism; Cultural heritage Navigation [057] 2011 Tours in archeological sites A tour to a set of exhibits located within a cultural heritage site by means of an avatar Augmented reality, Automata, Rfid
Positioning [045] 2017 Smart tourist information points with travel information organized in ontologies Regions of interest organize knowledge base, POI location Affective computing, Animation engine, Embodied conversational agents, Ontologies, Speech recognition
2 Conversation Navigation [050] 2019 Conversational interface between a human operator and a team of one or more robots Detection and recovery of human-robot communication Human–robot communication, Language grounding, Physically situated dialogue, Spoken-dialogue systems
Question answering [041] 2020 In situ conversational search and assistance system Structural patterns of questions related to places and their human-generated responses using the MS MARCO V2.1 data set Named entity recognition, Question answering
Education; Entertainment Positioning [054] 2015 Gamified mobile guide applications Efficiency improvement for gamification-based location Embodied conversational agents, Gamification
Mapping [053] 2018 Chatbot for multiplayer game Promote code-literacy through a multiplayer game Code literacy, Messaging bot, Mixed reality
Linguistic Place recognition [048] 2017 Automatic speech recognition for place entities Recognition of words that define places in dialects and regions of interest organized in a knowledge base Entity relation, Knowledge graphs, Speech recognition
Reasoning on spatial relations [026] 2018 Recognition of spatial relationships in text Establishment of spatial relationships between objects in a scene Machine learning, Natural language processing
Place recognition [043] 2018 Conversational system for indian languages ​​Identification and classification of words that denote places or location Linear models, Named entity recognition, Neural network
Place recognition [046] 2018 Automatic text recognition for place entities Recognition of places in unstructured text Deep learning, Entity relation, Named entity recognition, Neural machine translation
Navigation Space modelling [025] 2010 Evaluation of routes generated by a robot (indoor maps) Indoor space modeling Modeling of indoor spaces, Natural language description of indoor spaces
Positioning [039] 2011 Conversational learning agent Navigation through complex and challenging space environments Conversational agent
Positioning [004] 2019 Indoor navigation Indoor positioning and navigation Natural language processing
Positioning [056] 2019 Driver workload and environmental engagement associated with ‘active’ and ‘passive’ navigation systems. Route selection Natural language interfaces, Vehicle navigation systems
Tourism; Entertainment Positioning [014] 2018 Education, tourism, entertainment Physical location of objects and solving puzzles Conversational agent, Deep-linking, Natural language processing

3.5 Figure 6. Most influential research areas found in the reviews papers

FALSE label_key: av_areas
FALSE Saving 10 x 8 in image

Others: research areas cited once
Affective computing
Animation engine
Augmented reality
Automata
Bim environments
Cloud
Code literacy
Continuous learning
Crowd sourcing
Deep-linking
Deep learning
Fuzzy search algorithms
Game engines
Government open data
Human–robot communication
Intent classifier
Iot
Knowledge graph
Language grounding
Linear models
Linked data
Linked open data
Location-aware chatbots
Machine learning
Messaging bot
Modeling of indoor spaces
Natural language description of indoor spaces
Natural language interfaces
Neural machine translation
Neural network
Physically situated dialogue
Proactive interaction
Question answering
Recommender systems
Rfid
Semantic annotation
Semantic enrichment
Semantic queries
Similarity algorithms
Spoken-dialogue systems
Vehicle navigation systems

4 Runtime environment description

## - Session info ---------------------------------------------------------------
##  setting  value                       
##  version  R version 3.6.3 (2020-02-29)
##  os       Windows 10 x64              
##  system   x86_64, mingw32             
##  ui       RTerm                       
##  language (EN)                        
##  collate  Spanish_Spain.1252          
##  ctype    Spanish_Spain.1252          
##  tz       Europe/Paris                
##  date     2020-08-31                  
## 
## - Packages -------------------------------------------------------------------
##  ! package      * version  date       lib source        
##    assertthat     0.2.1    2019-03-21 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    backports      1.1.4    2019-04-10 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    base         * 3.6.3    2020-02-29 [?] local         
##    broom          0.5.2    2019-04-07 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    callr          3.3.0    2019-07-04 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.1)
##    cellranger     1.1.0    2016-07-27 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    cli            1.1.0    2019-03-19 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    colorspace     1.4-1    2019-03-18 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##  P compiler       3.6.3    2020-02-29 [2] local         
##    crayon         1.3.4    2017-09-16 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    crosstalk      1.0.0    2016-12-21 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.1)
##  P datasets     * 3.6.3    2020-02-29 [2] local         
##    DBI            1.0.0    2018-05-02 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    dbplyr         1.4.2    2019-06-17 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    desc           1.2.0    2018-05-01 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.1)
##    devtools       2.1.0    2019-07-06 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.1)
##    digest         0.6.19   2019-05-20 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    dplyr        * 0.8.5    2020-03-07 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.3)
##    DT           * 0.7      2019-06-11 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.1)
##    ellipsis       0.2.0    2019-06-20 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    evaluate       0.14     2019-05-28 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    farver         1.1.0    2018-11-20 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    fastmap        1.0.1    2019-10-08 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.1)
##    forcats      * 0.4.0    2019-02-17 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    fs             1.3.1    2019-05-06 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    generics       0.0.2    2018-11-29 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    ggforce      * 0.2.2    2019-04-23 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    gghighlight  * 0.3.0    2020-03-29 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.3)
##    ggplot2      * 3.3.0    2020-03-05 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.3)
##    glue           1.3.1    2019-03-12 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##  P graphics     * 3.6.3    2020-02-29 [2] local         
##  P grDevices    * 3.6.3    2020-02-29 [2] local         
##  P grid         * 3.6.3    2020-02-29 [2] local         
##    gridExtra    * 2.3      2017-09-09 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    gtable         0.3.0    2019-03-25 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    haven          2.2.0    2019-11-08 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.3)
##    here         * 0.1      2017-05-28 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.1)
##    highr          0.8      2019-03-20 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    hms            0.5.3    2020-01-08 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.3)
##    htmltools      0.4.0    2019-10-04 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.3)
##    htmlwidgets    1.5.1    2019-10-08 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.3)
##    httpuv         1.5.2    2019-09-11 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.3)
##    httr           1.4.1    2019-08-05 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.3)
##    jsonlite       1.6      2018-12-07 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    kableExtra   * 1.1.0    2019-03-16 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.1)
##    knitr          1.28     2020-02-06 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.3)
##    labeling       0.3      2014-08-23 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    later          1.0.0    2019-10-04 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.3)
##    lattice        0.20-38  2018-11-04 [2] CRAN (R 3.6.3)
##    lifecycle      0.2.0    2020-03-06 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.3)
##    lubridate      1.7.8    2020-04-06 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.3)
##    magrittr       1.5      2014-11-22 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    MASS           7.3-51.5 2019-12-20 [2] CRAN (R 3.6.3)
##    memoise        1.1.0    2017-04-21 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.1)
##  P methods      * 3.6.3    2020-02-29 [2] local         
##    mime           0.7      2019-06-11 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    modelr         0.1.6    2020-02-22 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.3)
##    munsell        0.5.0    2018-06-12 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    nlme           3.1-144  2020-02-06 [2] CRAN (R 3.6.3)
##    pillar         1.4.3    2019-12-20 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.3)
##    pkgbuild       1.0.3    2019-03-20 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.1)
##    pkgconfig      2.0.2    2018-08-16 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    pkgload        1.0.2    2018-10-29 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.1)
##    png            0.1-7    2013-12-03 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    polyclip       1.10-0   2019-03-14 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    prettyunits    1.0.2    2015-07-13 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    processx       3.4.0    2019-07-03 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.1)
##    promises       1.1.0    2019-10-04 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.3)
##    ps             1.3.0    2018-12-21 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    purrr        * 0.3.4    2020-04-17 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.3)
##    R6             2.4.0    2019-02-14 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    RColorBrewer   1.1-2    2014-12-07 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    Rcpp           1.0.1    2019-03-17 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    readr        * 1.3.1    2018-12-21 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    readxl         1.3.1    2019-03-13 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    remotes        2.1.0    2019-06-24 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.1)
##    reprex         0.3.0    2019-05-16 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    rlang          0.4.5    2020-03-01 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.3)
##    rmarkdown      2.1      2020-01-20 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.3)
##    rprojroot      1.3-2    2018-01-03 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    rstudioapi     0.10     2019-03-19 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    rvest          0.3.5    2019-11-08 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.3)
##    scales         1.0.0    2018-08-09 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    selectr        0.4-1    2018-04-06 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    sessioninfo    1.1.1    2018-11-05 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.1)
##    shiny          1.4.0.2  2020-03-13 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.3)
##  P stats        * 3.6.3    2020-02-29 [2] local         
##    stringi        1.4.3    2019-03-12 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    stringr      * 1.4.0    2019-02-10 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    testthat       2.1.1    2019-04-23 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.1)
##    tibble       * 3.0.1    2020-04-20 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.1)
##    tidyr        * 1.0.2    2020-01-24 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.3)
##    tidyselect     1.0.0    2020-01-27 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.3)
##    tidyverse    * 1.3.0    2019-11-21 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.3)
##  P tools          3.6.3    2020-02-29 [2] local         
##    tweenr         1.0.1    2018-12-14 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    usethis        1.5.1    2019-07-04 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.1)
##  P utils        * 3.6.3    2020-02-29 [2] local         
##    vctrs          0.3.1    2020-06-05 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.3)
##    viridisLite    0.3.0    2018-02-01 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    webshot        0.5.1    2018-09-28 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.1)
##    withr          2.1.2    2018-03-15 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    xfun           0.8      2019-06-25 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.0)
##    xml2           1.3.1    2020-04-09 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.3)
##    xtable         1.8-4    2019-04-21 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.1)
##    yaml           2.2.1    2020-02-01 [1] CRAN (R 3.6.2)
## 
## [1] C:/Users/Carlos Granell/Documents/R/win-library/3.6
## [2] C:/Program Files/R/R-3.6.3/library
## 
##  P -- Loaded and on-disk path mismatch.